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论关怀情感中的正义性——基于女性主义关怀伦理学视角
DOI: 10.12209/j.hrssx.2026060207
基金项目:
On the Justice in Care Emotions——A Perspective of Feminist Care Ethics
摘要
西方主流正义理论对女性主义关怀伦理学主要有两点批评：一是关怀伦理学强调个体之间特殊的关怀关系，忽视了基于普遍原则和不偏不倚要求之正义的重要性，二是关怀伦理学过于重视情感，但容易引发道德偏见，损害行动者的理性判断，从而导致整体的不正义。但这些批评把关怀情感和正义要求预先处理为非此即彼的关系，忽略了我们真实伦理生活的冲突性和复杂性。关怀伦理学可对上述批评进行回应，并指出关怀伦理与正义伦理并非本质性的对立，关怀伦理所依赖并推崇的核心道德情感中已经内在包含了正义的规范性要求，同时，与强调普遍性的正义伦理相比，关怀伦理通过非平均、重视根据具体情况给予不同的具体关怀情感的方式，反而能更好地实现个体正义。
Abstract
Western traditional theories of justice have raised two major criticisms against feminist care ethics. First, care ethics emphasizes the particular, interpersonal caring relationships between specific individuals, thereby neglecting the importance of justice that is based on universal principles and the requirement of impartiality. Second, care ethics places excessive weight on emotion and sentiment, which, according to its critics, is prone to generating moral bias and impairing the rational judgment of moral agents, consequently leading to overall systemic injustice. However, these criticisms presuppose an either/or relationship between caring emotions and the demands of justice, framing them as mutually exclusive alternatives and thus ignoring the inherent conflicts and complexities that characterize our actual ethical lives. In response, care ethics can argue that care ethics and justice ethics are not fundamentally opposed to each other; rather, they are complementary. The core moral emotions upon which care ethics relies and which it champions—such as empathy, attentiveness, and responsiveness—already implicitly contain within themselves the normative demands of justice. For genuine care requires a fair distribution of attention and a just response to the needs of others. Moreover, in contrast to justice ethics, which emphasizes universality and impartiality, care ethics adopts a non-uniform, context-sensitive approach that values giving differentiated, concrete care according to specific circumstances and individual needs. Instead of applying a homogenized standard, it tailors its moral responses to particular situations and relationships. In this way, care ethics can actually better realize individual justice, precisely because it attends to the concrete particularities and differential needs that abstract universal principles tend to overlook or fail to adequately address.

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图1主要系统原理图1
Fig.1Main system schematic diagram

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